Mongolian religion and beliefs
Mongolia is religion freedom country. The Constitution of the country provides for freedom of religion. The government generally respects this right of the people and Mongolian society is usually tolerant towards religious differences. 51.7% of the Mongolians identify as Buddhists, 40.6% as non-religious, 3.2% as Muslims (predominantly of Kazakh ethnicity), 2.5% as followers of the Mongol shamanic tradition, 1.3% as Christians, and 0.7% as followers of other religions according to the national census of 2020.
A large variety of beliefs have historically flourished within the country.
Mongolian shamanism era ( (3rd century BC-1570) )
The Mongolian main culture is nomadic, and the nomadic lifestyle is still practiced today in rural area of the country. Therefore, Mongolian beliefs also connected with nomadic lifestyle. Originally, the main religion was shamanism. Mongolians were worshipped “Hoh tenger” (blue skies).
Mongolian Buddhism era (1570-1911)
From the 16th century, the Buddhism practiced in Mongolia is heavily influenced by Tibetan Buddhism and end of 17th century, Mongolia became part of the Manchu-led Qin Dynasty.
Communism era (1921-1990)
Mongolia declared independence from Qin since 1921 and independence referendum was held in the Mongolian People of Republic 20 October 1945. During this time, all religions are prohibited, and Mongolia came under strong Soviet influence. In the early 20th century, Mongolia had over 115 thousand monks all over the country and practiced Buddhism in over 750 monasteries and temples. However, political repression started in 1937 and over 17 thousand monks were arrested. These monks were penalized depending on their status. High ranking wealthy monks were executed, and others were prisoned for 10 years. Monks under 20 years old were forced to denounce their religious belief and become regular citizens. Over 700 monasteries were destroyed and any religious sutras, works, arts were destroyed along with them.
Democracy era (1990-today)
When Mongolia became democratic country in 1990, All religions were restored, and people became free to practice any religion.